Starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) 2 weeks after TB therapy began did not lower proportions of African patients who reached a composite endpoint including TB treatment failure, TB recurrence, and death, according to results of a randomized double-blind trial in people with a CD4 count above 220 cells/µL. The findings contrast with two earlier trials in which starting ART early in the course of TB therapy had marked clinical benefits in people with a CD4 count below 50 or 200 cells/µL.

Among Kenyans with prior tuberculosis, one third had lab-confirmed HIV infection, according to results of a nationally representative survey. Adult HIV prevalence stood at 5.6%.

Anemia independently predicted tuberculosis among HIV-positive Cape Town patients not taking antiretroviral therapy. Sensitivities of TB diagnostic assays were much higher in people with moderate or severe anemia than in those with mild or no anemia.

A point-of-care test for C-reactive protein (POC-CRP) greatly increased the proportion of HIV-positive Ugandan adults eligible for isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) compared with the standard World Health Organization (WHO) symptom screen. POC-CRP would also decrease the proportion of HIV patients who need referral for further TB diagnostic testing.

Taking cotrimoxazole decreased tuberculosis incidence 13% to 30% in HIV-positive adults in Switzerland, depending on whether they were already taking antiretrovirals.

People starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, had high tuberculosis rates regardless of their CD4 count. TB incidence waned after the first 3 months of ART but remained at a high level.

Tuberculosis immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (TB IRIS) occurred more often with early antiretroviral therapy (ART) than with delayed therapy in the randomized ACTG A5221 trial. TB IRIS proved more common in people who started ART with a CD4 count below 50 cells/µL.

HIV-positive people with a CD4 count at or below 250 cells/µL proved half as likely to transmit tuberculosis to household contacts as HIV-negative people in Lima, Peru. But HIV-positive people with a higher CD4 count transmitted TB to household partners as often as HIV-negative people.

Virologic response at 48 weeks was similar with 400 mg of efavirenz daily and the standard 600 mg daily in a double-blind randomized trial involving antiretroviral-naive people in 13 countries across the world. Safety was better with the lower dose.

People being treated for tuberculosis achieved virologic and CD4 responses to antiretroviral therapy (ART) similar to people not being treated for TB, according to results of a 25-study systematic review and meta-analysis.